HomeMy WebLinkAbout~Master - August 31, 2021, Special Meeting of the Ames City CouncilAMENDED
AGENDA
SPECIAL MEETING OF THE AMES CITY COUNCIL
CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS - CITY HALL
515 CLARK AVENUE
AUGUST 31, 2021
CALL TO ORDER: 6:00 p.m.
CONSENT AGENDA:
1. Motion certifying Civil Service candidates
2. Resolution awarding contract to Howrey Construction of Rockwell City, Iowa, for the Tahira
and Labh Hira Park Concrete Work in the amount of $60,414.25
3.Resolution approving Final Plat for Birch Meadows Subdivision, Second Addition
4. Resolution accepting partial completion of public improvements and reducing required security
for Domani Subdivision
Additional Item: Resolution approving Emergency T-Hangar Door Repairs at Ames Municipal
Airport (2020 Derecho)
Additional Item: Resolution approving Iowa Clear Air Attainment Program (ICAAP) Grant
application for Phase 3 of the Ames Traffic Network (ITS Program)
WORKSHOP ON CLIMATE ACTION PLAN:
DISPOSITION OF COMMUNICATIONS TO COUNCIL:
COUNCIL COMMENTS:
ADJOURNMENT:
Please note that this agenda may be changed up to 24 hours before the meeting time as
provided by Section 21.4(2), Code of Iowa.
MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING OF THE
AMES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
AMES, IOWA AUGUST 26, 2021
The Regular Meeting of the Ames Civil Service Commission was called to order by Chairperson Mike Crum at
8:15 a.m. on August 26, 2021. As it was impractical for the Commission members to attend in person,
Commission Chairperson Mike Crum and Commission Members Harold Pike and Kim Linduska were brought
in telephonically. Also participating telephonically was Human Resources Director Bethany Jorgenson.
APPROVAL OF MINUTES OF JULY 29, 2021: Moved by Pike, seconded by Linduska, to approve the
Minutes of the July 29, 2021, Special Civil Service Commission meeting.
Vote on Motion: 3-0. Motion declared carried unanimously.
CERTIFICATION OF ENTRY-LEVEL APPLICANTS: Moved by Crum, seconded by Linduska, to certify
the following individuals to the Ames City Council as Entry-Level Applicants:
Treatment Plant Maintenance Worker Christian Eckroad 87*
Nathan Robinson 79
Michael Burns 79
Joseph Dwyer 78
Shaun Mcloud 74
Matthew Williams Carry-Over from Exhausted List
Corey Tjaden Carry-Over from Exhausted List
Shelby Perrin Carry-Over from Exhausted List
*Includes Preference Points
Power Plant Maintenance Mechanic Jeremy Johnson 79
Scott Hutzell 78
Vote on Motion: 3-0. Motion dedlared carried unanimously.
CERTIFICATION OF PROMOTIONAL-LEVEL APPLICANTS: Moved by Pike, seconded by Crum, to
certify the following individuals to the Ames City Council as Promotional-Level Applicants:
Senior Heavy Equipment Operator Zach Landhuis 86
Corey Van Sickle 81
Bryon Anderson 77
Jason Bohning 77
Matthew Elbert 76
Hollis Hathaway 76
Zachery Foster 76
Christopher Engelhardt 73
Anton Redling 70
Power Plant Fireworker Josh Burns 80
Jesse Young 80*
Sean Boyce 74
Jacob Meinking 74
Jared Miller 74
*Includes Preference Points
Vote on Motion: 3-0. Motion declared carried unanimously.
REQUEST TO REMOVE NAMES FROM, AND EXHAUST, THE WPC TREATMENT PLANT
MAINTENANCE WORKER LIST: Human Resources Director Bethany Jorgenson explained that the
WPC Treatment Plant Maintenance Worker Certified List was certified by the Commission on
August 27, 2020.
Item No. 1
Ms. Jorgensen noted that the removal of names from a Certified List, and subsequent exhausting that
List, is permitted under Section 4.2 of the Civil Service Commission Policies and Procedures. She
stated that if the Commission approves the Department’s request to remove names from, and exhaust,
the WPC Treatment Plant Maintenance Worker Certified List, Human Resources will start a new
recruitment for that classification. Chairperson Crum stated that he had noticed the remaining three
names on that List had already been added to the Entry-Level List of Candidates that was on this
Agenda and now certified. He asked if those three candidates were previously interviewed after the
August 27, 2020, List had been certified. Ms. Jorgensen answered that all three had been
interviewed. Mr. Crum commented that by exhausting the List, but adding the names to the new List,
strengthens the pool of candidates.
Director Jorgenson informed the Commission members that Human Resources is anticipating
bringing a request to remove names from the Police Officer Certified List to them at its next meeting.
She explained that 11 candidates had been certified on that List; however, only two had accepted
positions within the City. Others had withdrawn or accepted positions in other cities. At the inquiry
of Chairperson Crum, Ms Jorgensen advised that there are currently nine openings for Police Officer
out of a sworn force of 55. Mr. Crum noted that the City is then short approximately 20% of its
Police Officers.
Moved by Crum, seconded by Lindusda, to approve the request to remove names from, and exhaust,
the Treatment Plant Maintenance Worker Certified List.
Vote on Motion: 3-0. Motion declared carried unanimously.
COMMENTS: The next Regular Meeting of the Ames Civil Service Commission is scheduled for
September 23, 2021, at 8:15 a.m.
ADJOURNMENT: The meeting adjourned at 8:22 a.m.
__________________________________ _______________________________________
Michael R. Crum, Chairperson Diane R. Voss, City Clerk
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ITEM # 2
DATE: 08-31-21
COUNCIL ACTION FORM
SUBJECT: AWARD CONTRACT FOR TAHIRA AND LABH HIRA PARK
CONCRETE WORK
BACKGROUND:
This project includes completing approximately 9,850 square feet of concrete work at
Tahira and Labh Hira Park, located at 3622 Woodland St. for sidewalks, playground
border, basketball pad, trash enclosure, grill slab, and water fountain slab. A shelter pad
will be constructed as part of the development of the park, but that work will be completed
separately by City staff.
The park is located at the former site of Edwards Elementary School. The property was
deeded to the City by the Ames Community School District to be used for a neighborhood
park. City Council appropriated $80,000 in the FY 2019/20 Capital Improvements Plan
(CIP) to develop the park. Tahira and Labh Hira donated $50,000 in order to complete
the development of the park in one phase. Also, the neighborhood association received
a $4,800 grant from the OPUS Foundation to assist with completing the development.
Staff sent bid specifications to multiple contractors but only received two bids, which are
shown below.
Tahira and Labh Hira Park Concrete Work
Howrey Construction, Inc., Rockwell City, Iowa $60,414.25
Pillar Inc., Nevada, Iowa $76,734.35
The Engineer’s estimate for completion of all the concrete work is $58,800; however, this
was based on budget-level cost estimates obtained from contractors that were as low as
$44,000. Unfortunately, the contractor who provided the low budget-level cost estimate
decided not to bid the project.
There is a total of $134,800 in available funding for the development of the park. The
estimated total expenses for the park development project are $133,871, inclusive of the
low bid for this concrete work of $60,414.25. The goal is to have this project completed
by September 30, 2021.
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ALTERNATIVES:
1. Award a contract to Howrey Construction, Rockwell City, Iowa, for the Tahira
and Labh Hira Park Concrete Work in the amount of $60,414.25.
2. Reject the bids and refer this item back to staff.
CITY MANAGER’S RECOMMENDED ACTION:
The concrete work is necessary for the development of the park. The park will include a
20’x24’ shelter, basketball court, grills, water fountain, walking path, and playground
border. The neighborhood association has been integral in providing feedback and
working with City staff to bring this park to fruition.
Therefore, it is the recommendation of the City Manager that the City Council approve
Alternative #1 as stated above.
1
ITEM # ___3__
DATE: 08-31-21
COUNCIL ACTION FORM
SUBJECT: MAJOR FINAL PLAT FOR BIRCH MEADOWS SUBDIVISION SECOND
ADDITION
BACKGROUND:
The City’s subdivision regulations are included in Chapter 23 of the Ames Municipal
Code. This “Subdivision Code” includes the process for creating or modifying property
boundaries and specifies whether any improvements are required in conjunction with the
platting of property. The creation of new lots is classified as either a major or minor
subdivision, with a major subdivision requiring a two-step platting process to finalize the
creation of new lots.
The “Preliminary Plat” is first approved by the City Council and identifies the layout of the
subdivision and any required public improvements. Once the applicant has completed the
requirements, including provision of required public improvements or provision of financial
security for their completion, an application for a “Final Plat” may then be made for City
Council approval. After City Council approval of the Final Plat, it must then be recorded
with the County Recorder to become an officially recognized subdivision plat.
D&R Furman LLC, is requesting approval of a major final plat for Birch Meadows
Subdivision 2nd Addition. The Birch Meadows Subdivision lies north of Ontario Street
and south of the Union Pacific Rail line as shown on Attachment A – Location Map. A
preliminary plat for the Birch Meadows Subdivision was approved in October 2016. The
approved preliminary plat calls for 74 single-family detached lots and four outlots for open
space and storm water detention. The approval also requires the extension of Ontario
Street frontage improvements and utilities with the development of the site. Birch
Meadows 1st addition was previously approved in October of 2017.
The Final Plat for Birch Meadows Subdivision 2nd Addition includes Lots 1-16 for
development of single-family detached homes and one outlot for future development
(Attachment B). The lots being created for single-family homes are located along both
sides of Ohio Avenue, a new street, and both sides of Maryland Street, which is an
extension of an existing street to the east in the 1st Addition of Birch Meadows. The one
outlot in the proposed subdivision totals 13.95 acres. This Outlot YY will be for future
development.
Public improvements, including streets, sidewalks, sanitary sewer, water, storm sewer
system, street lights and sub-drains are required as part of this major subdivision. New
sewer and water connections are installed or available adjacent to the proposed lots. A
public improvement agreement in the amount of $61,013 for the unfinished improvements
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has been submitted with a letter of credit. The developer has also signed a sidewalk and
street tree deferral agreement for the installation of sidewalks.
Staff has reviewed a submitted Storm Water Management Plan for this subdivision and
has determined that the development will comply with all applicable stormwater
requirements.
In addition to the standard Public Improvement agreement, the project includes a
deferral of a water line extension to avoid a dead-end point on the water system
due to the lack of development to the west. The oversized water line is planned to be
extended within an easement on the north side of Ontario Street. The City Council
authorized with approval of the preliminary plat in 2016 that the developer could
provide cash in escrow for the water line extension to the west of Oregon Avenue
along Ontario to the west property line in lieu of constructing that water line prior
to final plat approval.
The water line extension is a requirement of improvements to the west of Oregon Avenue
along Ontario to connect to the larger city water system in the future. Currently, no need
exists for the 16” loop. As a result of accepting the cash in escrow, this water line
extension is to be completed by the City at some point in the future. The developer will
have no further obligations regarding the extension of the 16” water line. A separate
public improvement agreement for the future water line extension has been included with
this final plat. The agreement has been found acceptable by the Municipal Engineer.
Cash in escrow has been provided in the amount of $31,250 which represents the
developer’s share of the cost. Approval of the separate public improvement
agreement prior to Final Plat approval is consistent with Section 23.304 (2) of the
Ames Municipal Code in relation to Major Subdivision public improvements.
ALTERNATIVES:
1. Approve and accept:
a. The Final Plat of Birch Meadows Subdivision Second Addition
b. The public improvement agreement and cash in escrow for construction by the
City of a future 16” water line extension within the 20’ easement along Ontario
Street from Oregon Street to the west property line.
2. Deny the Final Plat for Birch Meadows Subdivision Second Addition.
3. Refer this request back to staff or the applicant for additional information.
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CITY MANAGER’S RECOMMENDATION:
City staff has evaluated the proposed final subdivision plat and determined that the
proposal is consistent with the preliminary plat and that the plat conforms to the adopted
ordinances and policies of the City as required by Chapter 23 of the Municipal Code. The
proposed single family home lots and associated outlot reflect the approved preliminary
plat and conform to the approved master plan under FS-RL zoning regulations.
Accepting the cash in escrow for the water line is desirable in this case due to the dead-
end nature of the water main. The developer has contributed their fair share of the cost
for the improvement at this time.
Therefore, it is the recommendation of the City Manager that the City Council accept
Alternative #1, as described above.
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Attachment A- Location Map
5
Attachment B- Final Plat Birch Meadows Second Addition
6
Attachment B- Continued
7
Attachment C- Water Line Easement/Future Location
8
Attachment D
Applicable Laws and Policies Pertaining to Final Plat Approval
Adopted laws and policies applicable to this case file include, but are not limited to, the
following:
Ames Municipal Code Section 23.302
Smart Choice
Public Works Department 515.239.5160 main 515 Clark Ave. P.O. Box 811
Engineering 515.239.5404 fa Ames, IA 50010
www.CityofAmes.org
Public Works Department
515 Clark Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010
Phone 515‐239‐5160 Fax 515‐239‐5404
August 25, 2021
Honorable Mayor and Council Members
City of Ames
Ames, Iowa 50010
RE: Domani Subdivision 1st Addition Financial Security Reduction #3
Mayor and Council Members:
I hereby certify that the base asphalt paving, curb and gutter, removals of pavement, and a
portion of the sidewalks required as a condition for approval of the final plat of Domani
Subdivision 1st Addition have been completed in an acceptable manner by Manatt’s of Ames,
Iowa. The above‐mentioned improvements have been inspected by the Engineering Division of
the Public Works Department of the City of Ames, Iowa, and found to meet City specifications
and standards.
As a result of this certification, it is recommended that the financial security for public
improvements on file with the City for this subdivision be reduced to $261,628.50. The
remaining work covered by this financial security includes earthwork, portion of storm sewer
system, pedestrian ramps, sidewalks, COSESCO, streetlights and street trees.
Sincerely,
John C. Joiner, P.E.
Director
JJ/cc
cc: Finance, Planning & Housing, Subdivision file
Item No. 4
Domani Subdivision 1st Addition
August 25, 2021
Page 2
Item Unit Quantity
CURB AND GUTTER, 2.5 FEET LF 2946
PAVEMENT, HMA, BASE, 6" TON 1372
REMOVAL OF SIDEWALK SY 184
PAVEMENT REMOVAL SY 338
STORM SEWER, TRENCHED, RCP, 42 INCH EQUIVALENT ARCH PIPE LF 84
SIDEWALK, PCC, 5 INCH SY 415
ITEM#: Additional
Item
DATE: 08-31-21
COUNCIL ACTION FORM
SUBJECT: APPROVAL OF EMERGENCY T-HANGAR DOOR REPAIRS AT AMES
MUNICIPAL AIRPORT (2020 DERECHO)
BACKGROUND:
On August 10, 2020, the State of Iowa experienced a widespread storm event (Derecho)
that caused significant damage from high winds, including to the T-Hangars at the Ames
Municipal Airport. A statewide disaster was declared, and a combination of insurance and
FEMA funds were made available for these damages.
On October 8, 2020, Nelson Forensics, a company hired by the City of Ames, conducted
an engineering evaluation of the T-Hangars at the Airport and found that nine doors were
damaged beyond repair and needed replacement. City staff also conducted an evaluation
of the five additional doors that were in marginal condition. Staff’s assessment was that
these five doors, though not eligible for Insurance/FEMA funds, also needed replacement
for the long-term safety of Airport users.
The City of Ames Risk Manager secured quotes from Schweiss Doors of Fairfax, MN in
the amount of $195,775.05 for nine doors covered by Insurance/FEMA funds, five doors
in the amount of $103,576.49 paid for by COVID Relief funds, and Nelson Electric of
Ames, IA for electrical work on all 14 doors in the amount of $27,263.89.
Originally, staff anticipated that these expenses could be approved at the staff level.
However, due to the dollar amount of these repairs, the City’s Purchasing Policies
requires City Council approval for these expenses. Below is a summary of the revenues
and expenses for the two door replacement projects (and their respective electrical work):
Revenues Expense
CARES (COVID relief) Grant* $45,255.00 9 Doors (Insurance/FEMA Funded) $195,775.05
CRSAA (COVID relief) Grant* $23,000.00 5 Doors (COVID Relief Funded) $103,576.49
ARPA (COVID relief) Grant* $59,000.00 Electrical Work $27,263.89
Insurance (Electrical) $18,873.00
Insurance (Doors) $174,903.06
FEMA (Deductible) $25,000.00
Total $346,031.06 Total $326,615.43
*Unobligated Balance Remainder (All COVID Relief Funds) $19,415.63
ALTERNATIVES:
1. A. Waive the City’s Purchasing Policies and Procedures requirement to obtain
formal, sealed bids for this work.
B. Approve the emergency purchase of 14 replacement T-Hangar doors and their
respective electrical work for the Ames Municipal Airport as described in this
Council Action Form.
2. Direct staff to issue an invitation to bid for these repairs.
3. Reject these purchases, and do not repair the T-Hangar doors
CITY MANAGER’S RECOMMENDED ACTION:
These repairs in response to the 2020 Derecho disaster will ensure the ongoing safe
operation of the T-Hangars at the Ames Municipal Airport.
Therefore, it is the recommendation of the City Manager that the City Council adopt
Alternative No. 1 A-B, as noted above.
1
ITEM#: Additional
Item
DATE: 08-31-21
COUNCIL ACTION FORM
SUBJECT: APPROVE IOWA CLEAR AIR ATTAINMENT PROGRAM (ICAAP) GRANT
APPLICATION FOR PHASE 3 OF THE AMES TRAFFIC NETWORK (ITS
PROGRAM)
BACKGROUND:
The City has begun implementation of a City-wide Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
Traffic Communications Network. This network will have a fiber network backbone that will
provide a framework for modernization of all the traffic signal and other trans portation data
collect equipment currently deployed around the City. The system will provide vital real-time
data collection and analysis, most notably the integration of traffic adaptive technology.
Traffic adaptive systems are a form of Intelligent Transportation System infrastructure that
conduct real-time optimization of traffic and pedestrian flow at signalized intersections.
Traffic adaptive systems provide a significant improvement in efficiency and travel times
throughout the day.
The ITS Program in the Capital Improvement Plan is a multi-year implementation of the
Traffic Network Master Plan. Staff has secured ICAAP grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2 of
the plan, which is currently under design. This grant application is for Phase 3. Part of
the required documentation is that the sponsoring agency certify that they have
programmed adequate matching for if the grant were to be awarded.
The ICAAP grant request is for $1,495,280, which is 80% of the estimated project total of
$1,869,100 and has a required local match of 20% ($373,820). In FY 2022/23 of the CIP
there $209,200 in G.O. Bonds and $169,400 in Road Use Tax, which totals $378,600 that
can be used for the local match.
ALTERNATIVES:
1. Approve the ICAAP application for Phase 3, thereby certifying that the City of Ames
has adequate matching funds budgeted .
2. Reject the ICAAP grant, and direct staff to develop alternative funding strategies for
this project.
CITY MANAGER’S RECOMMENDED ACTION:
The ICAAP program is a critical funding source for the implementation of the citywide Traffic
Network Master Plan.
Therefore, it is the recommendation of the City Manager that the City Council adopt
Alternative No. 1, as noted above.
Smart Choice
515.239.5101 main
5.239.5142 fax
Ave.
w.CityofAmes.org
MEMO
To: Mayor Haila and Ames City Council
From: Deb Schildroth, Assistant City Manager
Date: August 27, 2021
Subject: Climate Action Plan Data, Methods, and Assumptions Manual
The Data, Methods, and Assumptions (DMA) manual is one of the Climate
Action Planning (CAP) documents being provided to you for reference
purposes. The DMA is technically written to outline the details of the
modeling approach that the CAP consultant, SSG, will use to determine
community energy and emissions benchmarks and projections.
Because the DMA primarily serves as a technical guide and reference
tool, it won’t be reviewed during the CAP workshop. However, it will be
referred to at points during the CAP project, so it is important to ensure
you have access to it.
Thank you
Ames Climate Action Plan and Target Setting
Engagement Plan
Draft
August 2021
Purpose of this Document
The purpose of this Engagement Plan is to outline the objectives, desired outcomes, approach, and roles
and responsibilities of the engagement portion of Ames’ Climate Action Plan and Target Setting.
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
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Contents
Background 3
Context 3
Supporting Strategic Documentation 3
What is Being Decided and How 3
Engagement Strategy 4
Givens 4
Stakeholders 4
Guiding Principles 5
Objectives 5
Objective 1 6
Objective 2 6
Objective 3 7
Objective 4 7
Communications 7
Key Messages 8
Timeline 9
Engagement Techniques 10
Phase 1: Pre-engagement Interviews + Engagement Design 10
Phase 2: Active Engagement Period (prior to plan completion) 11
Phase 3: Final Report + Presentation 21
Appendix A: IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum 22
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
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Background
Context
The City of Ames is embarking on a process to set a community greenhouse gas emissions
(GHG) reduction target and develop an associated Climate Action Plan (CAP).
Supporting Strategic Documentation
The City of Ames’ strategic documents and planning initiatives were analyzed in a “Situational
Analysis” and provided to the City. This background research provides useful information for
engagement activities such as focus groups and surveys. Drawing examples, principles, and
approaches from these documents will increase the CAP’s alignment with these other plans, and
help to integrate all of these different but related initiatives. This in turn will improve the
chances of success for all of them.
The following documentation are the primary strategic documents that will inform both the
engagement and technical modelling:
● City of Ames’ Promise/Vision;
● City of Ames’ 2020-2021 City Council Goals, especially those related to engagement,
equity, and environmental sustainability;
● The City’s 2016 Resolution Reaffirming The City’s Commitment to the Values of Equity,
Fairness, Inclusion, and Justice;
● Ames 2040 Plan; and
● Iowa State University’s Strategic Plan for Sustainability in Operations 2021-2025.
What is Being Decided and How
The City of Ames wants to foster a forward-thinking, innovative, and sustainable community. An
effective GHG reduction target and CAP can help achieve these goals. This will require factual
information about the City’s infrastructure and standards for the technical modelling, as well as
an understanding of the city’s context. It will also require decisions be made about an
appropriate GHG reduction target and what actions the City of Ames will need to take to reduce
its GHGs, on what timeline, and how those actions should be implemented. The CAP will contain
the recommended answers to these questions, based on the technical modelling and
engagement input.
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
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The City of Ames expects the CAP will be ready to be recommended for approval by Council by
September 2022. This plan will achieve the City’s emission reduction targets and reflect the
inputs and ideas of the community.
Engagement Strategy
The Engagement Strategy is the framework that will ensure internal (City) and external
stakeholders are given opportunities to provide feedback that will be used to create the most
effective CAP possible, and to establish a community that will support the implementation of the
plan through to its completion.
Givens
Givens are facts that are outside the scope of engagement, which means they are not
negotiable. The givens for this engagement will include the following:
● Climate change is real and primarily driven by human activity.
● The City of Ames will set a GHG emissions reduction target and develop a Climate Action
Plan.
● This project is not an opportunity to debate ongoing flood mitigation work, or other
ongoing city projects.
Stakeholders
In addition to providing broad feedback opportunities to the public, the City will engage
stakeholders through four groups:
1. the Supplemental Input Committee, consisting of community stakeholders from various
sectors, chosen by the City;
2. the City Steering Committee, consisting of the Mayor and Council;
3. the City Project Team consisting of the Assistant City Manager, Public Relations Officer,
Energy Services Coordinator, and the Sustainability Coordinator;
4. the City Technical Advisory Committee, consisting representatives from across City
departments.
Interviewees from the pre-engagement process suggested the plan incorporate feedback from
the broader community. To maximize resources, the Supplemental Input Committee, which will
be engaged in the CAP development and target setting process, will be tasked with:
● providing representative feedback from their sectors,
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
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● looking for opportunities to educate their networks, and
● sharing concerns from their networks.
Guiding Principles
The following principles, derived primarily from the Pre-Engagement Report and the project
Proposal, will guide the design and execution of all engagement activities,
● A commitment to:
○ Informing the public about complexity before and during the active engagement
period, in order to raise the general level of understanding of global warming
and climate action planning;
○ Involving stakeholders in a variety of ways for information collection to
demonstrate process integrity and build credibility for recommendations;
○ Communicating background information and engagement opportunities (times,
dates, online venues) in a reasonable time prior to engagement;
○ Providing stakeholders with various opportunities to provide input throughout
the active engagement period; and
○ Although decision-making will be focused on building consensus, the decision-
making body is the Steering Committee, which is composed of the Ames City
Council. The Council will consider the information received during the
engagements as much as possible in making its decisions.
Objectives
The following are the main objectives of this Engagement Plan described according to the IAP2
(International Association of Public Participation) Spectrum of Engagement (i.e., inform, consult,
involve, or collaborate), which is included as Appendix A. As with the Guiding Principles, these
Objectives are based on information available in the project proposal, the Pre-Engagement
Report, as well as City Technical Advisory Committee input to date. The outputs (i.e. tangible
things) and outcomes (i.e. intangible things) that will help achieve each objective are also
described below.
The outputs and outcomes drive the techniques selected to achieve these objectives. The
techniques selected are described in the Engagement Technique section, further below.
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
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Objective 1
To inform and educate the community of the specific targets and actions required to create
meaningful and feasible greenhouse gas emission reductions, while engendering a sense of
responsibility for continuing this work through to its long-term completion.
● Outputs:
○ A community-based input committee, with internal (i.e., City) and external
members, is established.
○ Communications materials are created to educate and inform stakeholders about
the strategy process and opportunities for input.
● Outcomes:
○ Stakeholders understand the process of science-based GHG reduction target
setting, and best practices from other communities.
○ Stakeholders understand the level of action and investment required from a
climate action plan in order to meet their chosen GHG reduction target, and best
practices from other communities.
○ Stakeholders understand the increasing costs of inaction, and the benefits of
action.
Objective 2
To involve stakeholders in the development of the engagement process and facilitate inclusive
conversations among stakeholders in order to document community concerns and aspirations.
● Outputs:
○ Interviews with selected community members from the pre-engagement process,
which results in a pre-engagement report containing a set of engagement plan
recommendations.
○ An interactive website serves as a one-stop shop for members of the public to
learn about ways to provide feedback and learn more about relevant background
information.
● Outcomes:
○ Stakeholders say they have been meaningfully involved in the development of
the engagement plan for the CAP.
○ Community participants know how to get engaged, are motivated to identify
opportunities, and become partners in the realization of the CAP.
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
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Objective 3
To involve the community and City staff in gathering feedback that will inform: 1) the
community's GHG reduction target, 2) the selected low-carbon actions, and 3) the CAP’s near-
term implementation strategy.
● Outputs:
○ A series of assumptions to be used in the creation of low-carbon scenarios.
○ City Steering Committee and Supplemental Input Committee sessions on:
■ Target-setting and climate action planning 101;
■ BAU and low-carbon scenario results; and
■ CAP implementation planning.
○ Regular updates (e.g., bi-monthly) to the website on project progress.
○ Community-wide feedback on effective CAP implementation planning.
○ A draft implementation plan.
○ Contact lists of stakeholders who wish to continue the dialogue on CAP
implementation.
● Outcomes:
○ A revised list of low-carbon actions, adjusted based on City and stakeholder
feedback.
○ The City of Ames identifies and collaborates with its implementation partners to
maximize the impact of the CAP and to benefit all participants justly and
equitably.
Objective 4
To inform stakeholders of how their involvement shaped the plan.
● Outputs:
○ The City of Ames will provide regular and clear information on the progress of
the CAP on the project’s interactive website (during the course of the CAP
development) and then on the City of Ames’ website. These updates will
summarize input received and how it influenced plan decisions.
○ Final presentation to the City Council.
● Outcomes:
● Community members can see they have impacted decision-making.
● Community members will understand the impact of their participation in shaping
the CAP, and in acting as champions for the implementation of the plan.
Communications
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
8
Comprehensive communications and education efforts are critical to the engagement’s overall
success. Working with the City of Ames’ communications staff and the project team, we will
communicate the following key messages through the channels outlined below.
Key Messages
The following key messages have been developed for the project, which have been informed by
the pre-engagement interview process:
● The City of Ames is committed to creating a climate-friendly future by partnering with
the community.
● The City of Ames is prepared to pursue policy changes that encourage and require
carbon reduction behaviors.
● Investment in climate action contributes to Ames’ economic development, in addition
to generating co-benefits related to health, improved environment, equity, and
economic growth.
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
9
Timeline
The timeline of engagement will be integrated with the project’s technical modelling activities. Between the stages of modelling,
engagement input will be gathered; and when the modelled results are completed, results will be presented.
The engagement will feed into the overall Plan completion as shown in the image below.
Figure 1. Energy and emissions modelling with data and engagement milestones.
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
10
Engagement Techniques
Phase 1: Pre-engagement Interviews + Engagement Design
Project initiation - September 2021
Activity SSG role City role Objectives Timeframe
Summary Report
● Conduct interviews of
individuals identified by city
(30-minute to 1-hour phone
or video call.
● Analyze interviews.
●
and advise them about
being contacted to gather
engagement data.
● Draft Engagement Plan. ● Refine and approve All August-
September
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
11
Phase 2: Active Engagement Period (prior to plan completion)
July 2021 - July 2022
Activity IAP2 Spectrum Level SSG role City role Objectives Timeframe
Focus groups with
stakeholders
As identified by the
Technical Advisory
Committee, hold
discussions with
stakeholders to discuss
the city’s current energy
and emissions profile,
potential low-carbon
actions, and
implementation plan
design
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
● Lead discussion,
provide key
background material,
and take notes
● Incorporate key
information into CAP
● Support in
coordinating meeting
timing and hosting.
July 2022
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
12
CAP interactive website Inform.
Promise to the public:
We will provide you
with resources and
opportunities to stay
informed.
●
draft content that
ensures the public is
informed about:
○ engagement
opportunities,
○ key background
information, and
○ how their
feedback is used
to shape the final
CAP.
● Website will host the
community survey
●
guidance.
1, 3, 4
City Steering
Committee (CSC)
Workshop 1: The
Process
Steering Committee
members will become
acquainted with the
project goals and process,
including the scenario
modelling method. Target
setting and climate action
planning best practices
will be introduced and
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
●
and emissions
planning and target
setting 101
presentation.
● Prepare an overview
of the project process
and milestones.
● Prepare an overview
of the engagement
plan.
●
timing and hosting.
● Review presentation
materials prior to the
workshop.
● Respond to questions
about the City’s role,
jurisdiction.
September
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
13
strategy will be reviewed
and discussed. In
particular, the process for
seeking and integrating
community and CSC input
into the CAP and in
setting the community
GHG target will be
reviewed, and feedback
sought from the CSC.
as possible in making
the required decisions.
Supplemental Input
Committee (Committee)
Workshop 1:
Base Year and BAU
Results and Target-
Setting Workshop
Committee members will
become acquainted with
each other and the
project goals and process.
Committee members will
be asked to watch the
CSC workshop as
preparation for the
workshop.
Base year energy and
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
●
and emissions
planning and target
setting 101
presentation.
● Prepare an overview
of the project process
and milestones.
● Provide digital
framework/exercise
tools.
● Prepare a take-home
survey or worksheets
after the workshop.
To finalize ideas.
●
members.
● Coordinate meeting
timing and hosting.
● Provide presentation
background material
on the CAP, indicating
how it fits with other
City plans/strategies.
● Review presentation
materials prior to the
workshop.
● Respond to questions
about the City’s role,
jurisdiction.
1, 3, 4 October
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
14
(BAU) scenario modelling
results will be reviewed.
Emissions reduction
challenges and
opportunities will be
discussed
Participatory workshop
exercises will be hosted
to build relationships and
develop a CAP vision.
Varying emissions
reduction targets will be
debated, and preferred
targets will be
documented.
Launch Event: Town Hall
- CAP Inventory and
BAU: The first public
event, the Town Hall will
introduce the community
to the CAP process, share
information about public
input opportunities, and
enable participants to
share their vision for
Ames’ future.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
●
logistics and
coordination of the
event.
● Prepare an energy
and emissions
planning and target
setting 101
presentation.
● Prepare a
presentation on
●
program/agenda.
● Advise on guest
speakers.
● Provide a host for the
event.
● Invite the Mayor
and/or Council to give
some brief remarks.
1, 3, 4
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
15
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
modelling results,
and public input
opportunities.
● Design an activity to
allow participants to
express their vision
for Ames’ low-carbon
future.
● Co-host, if required.
Committee Workshop 2:
Low-Carbon Action
Workshop
Ames’ energy and
emissions outlook will be
presented to provide the
scale of the emissions
reductions challenge. The
Committee will identify
emissions areas on which
to focus and present
emissions reduction
opportunities in each
emissions sector for
consideration in CAP
development.
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
●
prepare and provide
materials.
● Provide digital
framework/exercise
tools.
● Prepare a list of low-
carbon actions.
● Prepare a take-home
survey or worksheets
after the workshop.
To finalize ideas.
●
materials prior to the
workshop.
● Coordinate meeting
timing and hosting.
1, 3, 4
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
16
CSC Workshop 2:
Review of feedback to
date on target setting
and low-carbon actions,
and low-carbon action
workshop.
For context, base year
energy and emissions
inventory data and
business as usual (BAU)
scenario modelling results
will be reviewed.
Emissions reduction
challenges and
opportunities will be
discussed with regard to
which items are under
City jurisdiction.
Inputs for the workshop
will come from SSG’s
technical analysis and the
Committee.
Proposed Attendees:
● Directors or senior
representatives
from building
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
●
outputs presentation
materials.
● Prepare a summary
of what we’ve heard
to date.
● Prepare discussion
topics and exercises.
● Prepare a preliminary
list of low-carbon
actions.
● Lead workshop.
●
group members
● Review presentation
materials prior to the
workshop.
● Coordinate meeting
timing and hosting.
1, 3, 4 16
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
17
planning/short-
term planning,
transportation,
environmental
CSC & Committee
Workshop : Low-carbon
scenario modelling
results & introduction
to implementation
Low-carbon scenario
modelling results
Proposed Attendees:
● Directors or senior
representatives
from building
approvals,
community
planning/short-
term planning,
transportation,
environmental
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
● Provide modelling
outputs presentation
materials.
● Prepare discussion
topics and exercises.
● Lead workshop.
● Provide digital
framework/exercise
tools.
● Review presentation
materials prior to the
workshop.
● Coordinate meeting
timing and hosting
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
18
Community survey
Online survey to give
community members a
chance to provide their
input on the CAP
Consult.
Promise to the public:
We will seek your
advice on the variety of
●
● Set survey up on
selected online
platform.
● Analyze feedback.
●
● Promote to the
community.
● Logistical support.
1,3, 4
CSC & Committee
Workshop: Low-carbon
financial results &
implementation part 2
Low-carbon financial
modelling results
Proposed Attendees:
● Directors or senior
representatives
from building
approvals,
community
planning/short-
term planning,
transportation,
environmental
services
Involve.
Although decision-
making will be focused
on building consensus,
the decision-making
body is the Steering
Committee, which is
composed of the Ames
City Council. The
Council will consider
the information
received during the
engagements as much
as possible in making
the required decisions.
● Provide modelling
outputs
presentation
materials.
● Prepare discussion
topics and
exercises.
● Lead workshop.
● Provide digital
framework/exercise
tools.
● Review presentation
materials prior to the
workshop.
● Coordinate meeting
timing and hosting
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
19
Online Implementation
Plan review: CSC +
Committee
Promise to the public:
We will seek your
advice on the variety of
options presented.
●
● Set up a feedback
mechanism to gather
input.
●
support. 1, 3, 7
Town Hall + Kitchen
Workbook
The team will prepare
guided workbooks that
households can work
through around the kitchen
table to review the draft CAP
and explore how they can
contribute to the CAP in
their household and place of
work, and identify how the
City and other stakeholders
can be a resource.
Consult.
Promise to the public:
We will seek your
advice on the variety of
options presented.
●
● Co-host if required
● Analyze results
●
program/agenda.
● Advise on guest
speakers.
● Provide a host for the
event.
● Invite the Mayor
and/or Council to give
some brief remarks.
Promote to the
community.
● Provide logistical
3, 4
Online Draft CAP review
(TAC +CSC)
Promise to the public:
We will seek your
advice on the variety of
● Prepare and deliver a
presentation on an
updated version of
the CAP.
● Gather and analyze
● Provide logistical
support. 1, 3, 7
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
20
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
21
Phase 3: Final Report + Presentation
By September 2022
Activity SSG’s Role City of Ames’ Role Objectives Timeframe
Presentation to Council ● Draft presentation
● Deliver presentation to
Council and answer
questions.
● Edit presentation.
● Co-deliver presentation. 2022
Ames Climate Action Plan & Target Setting: Draft Engagement Plan (August 2021)
22
Appendix A: IAP2 Public Participation
Spectrum
Ames Climate Action Plan and Target Setting
Data, Methods, and Assumptions (DMA)
Manual
July 2021
Purpose of this Document
This Data, Methods, and Assumptions (DMA) manual details the modeling approach used to
provide community energy and emissions benchmarks and projections while providing a
summary of the data and assumptions used in scenario modeling. The DMA makes the modeling
elements fully transparent and illustrates the scope of data required for future modeling efforts.
1
CONTENTS
Glossary 3
Accounting and Reporting Principles 5
Scope 6
Geographic Boundary 6
Time Frame of Assessment 6
Energy and Emissions Structure 7
Emissions Scope 8
Table 1. GPC scope definitions.8
The Model 9
Model Structure 10
Sub-Models 11
Population and Demographics 11
Residential Buildings 11
Non-Residential Buildings 12
Spatial Population and Employment 12
Passenger Transportation 12
Waste and Wastewater 13
Energy Flow and Local Energy Production 13
Finance and Employment 14
Consumption Emissions 14
Model Calibration for Local Context 14
Data Request and Collection 14
Zone System 14
Figure 5. Zone system used in modelling.15
Buildings 15
Residential Buildings 15
Non-Residential Buildings 16
Population and Employment 16
Transportation 17
Waste 17
Data and Assumptions 18
Scenario Development 18
Business-As-Usual Scenario 18
Methodology 18
Low-Carbon Scenario 19
Policies, Actions, and Strategies 19
Methodology 19
2
Addressing Uncertainty 20
Appendix 1: GPC Emissions Scope Table for Detailed Model 21
Appendix 2: Building Types in the model 25
Appendix 3: Emissions Factors Used 26
Glossary
BAU Business as usual
CBECS Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
CHP Combined heat and power
DMA Data, methods, and assumptions manual
GHG Greenhouse gases
GIS Geographic information systems
GPC Global Protocol on Community-Scale GHG Emissions Inventories
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
VMT Vehicle Miles Travelled
3
Accounting and Reporting Principles
The municipal greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory base year development and scenario modeling
approach correlate with the Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Emissions Inventories
(GPC).1 The GPC provides a fair and true account of emissions via the following principles:
Relevance:The reported GHG emissions appropriately reflect emissions occurring as a result
of activities and consumption within the City boundary.The inventory will also serve the
decision-making needs of the City, taking into consideration relevant local, state, and national
regulations. Relevance applies when selecting data sources and determining and prioritizing
data collection improvements.
Completeness:All emissions sources within the inventory boundary shall be accounted for
and any exclusions of sources shall be justified and explained.
Consistency:Emissions calculations shall be consistent in approach, boundary, and
methodology.
Transparency:Activity data, emissions sources, emissions factors and accounting
methodologies require adequate documentation and disclosure to enable verification.
Accuracy:The calculation of GHG emissions should not systematically overstate or understate
actual GHG emissions. Accuracy should be enough to give decision makers and the public
reasonable assurance of the integrity of the reported information. Uncertainties in the
quantification process should be reduced to the extent possible and practical.
1 WRI, C40 and ICLEI (2014). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Retrieved
from:https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/GHGP_GPC_0.pdf.
4
Scope
Geographic Boundary
Energy and emissions inventories and modeling for the project will be done in relation to the
geographical boundary shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Geographical boundary considered for the project.
Time Frame of Assessment
The modeling time frame will include years 2018-2050.The year 2018 will be used as the base year
since it aligns with the City’s existing inventory,and 2050 is the relevant target year. Model
calibration for the base year uses as much locally observed data as possible.
5
Energy and Emissions Structure
The total energy for a community is defined as the sum of the energy from each of the aspects:
EnergyCity= Energytransport + Energybuildings + Energywaste&wastewater
Where:
Energytransport is the movement of goods and people.
Energybuildings is the generation of heating, cooling and electricity.
Energywastegen is energy generated from waste.
The total GHG emissions for a community is defined as the sum from all in-scope emissions
sources:
GHGlanduse =GHGtransport +GHGenergygen +GHGwaste&wastewater+GHGagriculture +GHGforest +GHGlandconvert
Where:
GHGtransport is emissions generated by the movement of goods and people.
GHGenergygen is emissions generated by the generation of heat and electricity.
GHGwaste&wastewater is emissions generated by solid and liquid waste produced.
GHGagriculture is emissions generated by food production.
GHGforest is emissions generated by forested land.
GHGlandconvert is emissions generated by the lands converted from natural to modified conditions.
6
Emissions Scope
The inventory will include emissions Scopes 1 and 2, and some aspects of Scope 3, as defined by
GPC (Table 1 and Figure 2). Refer to Appendix 1 of this DMA for a list of included GHG emissions
sources by scope.
Table 1. GPC scope definitions.
Scope Definition
1 All GHG emissions from sources located within the municipal boundary.
2 All GHG emissions occurring from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or
cooling within the municipal boundary.
3 All other GHG emissions that occur outside the municipal boundary as a result of activities
taking place within the boundary.
Figure 2. Diagram of GPC emissions scopes.
7
The Model
The model is an energy, emissions, and finance tool developed by Sustainability Solutions Group
and whatIf? Technologies. The model integrates fuels,sectors, and land-use in order to enable
bottom-up accounting for energy supply and demand,including:
●renewable resources,
●conventional fuels,
●energy consuming technology stocks (e.g., vehicles,appliances, dwellings, buildings), and
●all intermediate energy flows (e.g., electricity and heat).
Energy and GHG emissions values are derived from a series of connected stock and flow models,
evolving based on current and future geographic and technology decisions/assumptions (e.g., EV
uptake rates). The model accounts for physical flows (e.g., energy use, new vehicles by technology,
VMT) as determined by stocks (buildings, vehicles,heating equipment, etc.).
The model applies a system dynamics approach. For any given year, the model traces the flows
and transformations of energy from sources through energy currencies (e.g., gasoline, electricity,
hydrogen) to end uses (e.g., personal vehicle use,space heating) to energy costs and to GHG
emissions. An energy balance is achieved by accounting for efficiencies, technology conversion,
and trade and losses at each stage in the journey from source to end use.
Table 2. Model characteristics.
Characteristic Rationale
Integrated The tool models and accounts for all city-scale energy and emissions in relevant sectors
and captures relationships between sectors. The demand for energy services is modelled
independently of the fuels and technologies that provide the energy services. This
decoupling enables exploration of fuel switching scenarios.Feasible scenarios are
established when energy demand and supply are balanced.
Scenario-based Once calibrated with historical data, the model enables the creation of dozens of
scenarios to explore different possible futures. Each scenario can consist of either one or
a combination of policies, actions, and strategies.Historical calibration ensures that
scenario projections are rooted in observed data.
Spatial Built environment configuration determines walkability and cyclability, accessibility to
transit, feasibility of district energy, and other aspects. The model therefore includes
spatial dimensions that can include as many zones (the smallest areas of geographic
analysis) as deemed appropriate. The spatial components can be integrated with GIS
systems, land-use projections, and transportation modeling.
GPC-compliant The model is designed to report emissions according to the GHG Protocol for Cities (GPC)
framework and principles.
8
Economic
impacts
The model incorporates a high-level financial analysis of costs related to energy
(expenditures on energy) and emissions (carbon pricing,social cost of carbon), as well as
operating and capital costs for policies, strategies,and actions. This allows for the
generation of marginal abatement costs.
Model Structure
The major components of the model and the first level of their modelled relationships (influences)
are represented by the blue arrows in Figure 3. Additional relationships may be modelled by
modifying inputs and assumptions—specified directly by users, or in an automated fashion by
code or scripts running “on top of” the base model structure. Feedback relationships are also
possible, such as increasing the adoption rate of non-emitting vehicles in order to meet a GHG
emissions constraint.
The model is spatially explicit. All buildings, transportation,and land-use data are tracked within
the model through a GIS platform, and by varying degrees of spatial resolution. A zone type
system is applied to divide the City into smaller configurations, based on the City’s existing traffic
zones (or another agreeable zone system). This enables consideration of the impact of land-use
patterns and urban form on energy use and emissions production from a base year to future
dates using GIS-based platforms. The model’s GIS outputs will be integrated with the City’s
mapping systems.
For any given year various factors shape the picture of energy and emissions flows, including: the
population and the energy services it requires; commercial floorspace; energy production and
trade; the deployed technologies which deliver energy services (service technologies); and the
deployed technologies which transform energy sources to currencies (harvesting technologies).
The model is based on an explicit mathematical relationship between these factors—some
contextual and some part of the energy consuming or producing infrastructure—and the energy
flow picture.
Some factors are modelled as stocks—counts of similar things, classified by various properties. For
example, population is modelled as a stock of people classified by age and gender. Population
change over time is projected by accounting for: the natural aging process, inflows (births,
immigration), and outflows (deaths, emigration). The fleet of personal use vehicles, an example of
a service technology, is modelled as a stock of vehicles classified by size, engine type and model
year, with a similarly classified fuel consumption intensity. As with population, projecting change
in the vehicle stock involves aging vehicles and accounting for major inflows (new vehicle sales)
and major outflows (vehicle discards). This stock-turnover approach is applied to other service
9
technologies (e.g., furnaces, water heaters) and harvesting technologies (e.g., electricity generating
capacity).
Figure 3. Representation of the CiS model structure.
Sub-Models
Population and Demographics
City-wide population is modelled using the standard population cohort-survival method,
disaggregated by single year of age and gender. It accounts for typical components of change:
births, deaths, immigration and emigration. The age-structured population is important for
analysis of demographic trends, generational differences and implications for shifting energy use
patterns. These numbers are calibrated against existing projections.
10
Residential Buildings
Residential buildings are spatially located and classified using a detailed set of 30+ building
archetypes capturing footprint, height and type (single, double, row, apt. high, apt. low), and year
of construction. This enables a “box” model of buildings that helps to estimate the surface area,
and model energy use and simulate the impact of energy efficiency measures based on what we
know about the characteristics of the building. Coupled with thermal envelope performance and
degree-days the model calculates space conditioning energy demand independent of any space
heating or cooling technology and fuel. Energy service demand then drives stock levels of key
service technologies including heating systems, air conditioners, water heaters. These stocks are
modelled with a stock-turnover approach capturing equipment age, retirements, and
additions—exposing opportunities for efficiency gains and fuel switching, but also showing the
rate limits to new technology adoption and the effects of lock-in (obligation to use
equipment/infrastructure/fuel type due to longevity of system implemented). Residential building
archetypes are also characterized by the number of contained dwelling units, allowing the model
to capture the energy effects of shared walls but also the urban form and transportation
implications of population density.
Non-Residential Buildings
These are spatially located and classified by a detailed use/purpose-based set of 50+ archetypes.
The floorspace of these archetypes can vary by location.Non-residential floorspace produces
waste and demand for energy and water, and provides an anchor point for locating employment
of various types.
Spatial Population and Employment
City-wide population is made spatial through allocation to dwellings, using assumptions about
persons-per-unit by dwelling type. Spatial employment is projected via two separate mechanisms:
●population-related services and employment, which is allocated to corresponding building
floorspace (e.g., teachers to school floorspace),and
●floorspace-driven employment (e.g., retail employees per square foot).
Passenger Transportation
The model includes a spatially explicit passenger transportation sub-model that responds to
changes in land-use, transit infrastructure, vehicle technology, travel behaviour change, and other
factors. Trips are divided into four types (home-work,home-school, home-other, and
non-home-based), each produced and attracted by different combinations of spatial drivers
(population, employment, classrooms, non-residential floorspace). Trips are distributed and trip
volumes are specified for each zone of origin and zone of destination pair. For each
11
origin-destination pair, trips are shared over walk/bike (for trips within the walkable distance
threshold), public transit (for trips whose origin and destination are serviced by transit), and
automobile. A projection of total personal vehicles miles travelled (VMT) and a network distance
matrix are produced following the mode share calculation.The energy use and emissions
associated with personal vehicles is calculated by assigning VMT to a stock-turnover personal
vehicle model. The induced approach is used to track emissions. All internal trips (trips within the
boundary) are accounted for, as well as half of the trips that terminate or originate within the
municipal boundary. Figure 4 displays trip destination matrix conceptualization.
Figure 4. Conceptual diagram of trip categories.
Waste and Wastewater
Households and non-residential buildings generate solid waste and wastewater. The model traces
various pathways to disposal, compost, and sludge including those which capture energy from
12
incineration and recovered gas. Emissions accounting is performed throughout the waste
sub-model.
Energy Flow and Local Energy Production
Energy produced from primary sources (e.g., solar,wind) is modelled alongside energy converted
from imported fuels (e.g., electricity generation,district energy, CHP). As with the transportation
sub-model, the district energy supply model has an explicit spatial dimension and can represent
areas served by district energy networks.
Finance and Employment
Energy related financial flows and employment impacts are captured through an additional layer
of model logic (not shown explicitly in Figure 2).Calculated financial flows include the capital,
operating, and maintenance cost of energy consuming stocks and energy producing stocks,
including fuel costs. Employment related to the construction of new buildings, retrofit activities
and energy infrastructure is modelled. The financial impact on businesses and households of
implementing the strategies is assessed. Local economic multipliers are also applied to
investments.
Consumption Emissions
Emissions attributable to the production of some items produced outside, but consumed in, Ames
are estimated and included in the emissions inventory and modeling (e.g., those for electronics,
food, and clothing). These are estimated based on the number of households and a weighted
average consumption per household across all income levels. A total base year emissions value is
derived by multiplying the weighted average emissions per household intensity by number of
households. This methodology enables accurate comparison to previous Ames inventories.
Model Calibration for Local Context
Data Request and Collection
Local data was supplied by the municipality. Assumptions were identified to supplement any gaps
in observed data. The data and assumptions were applied in modeling per the process described
below.
Zone System
The model is spatially explicit: population, employment,residential, and non-residential floorspace
are allocated and tracked spatially within the City’s zone system (see Figure 5). These elements
drive stationary energy demand. The passenger transportation sub-model, which drives
transportation energy demand, also operates within the same zone system.
13
Figure 5. Zone system used in modelling.
Buildings
Buildings data, including building type, building footprint area, number of stories, total floorspace
area, number of units, and year built was sourced from City property assessment data. Buildings
were allocated to specific zones using their spatial attributes, based on the zone system. Buildings
are classified using a detailed set of building archetypes (see Appendix 2). These archetypes
capture footprint, height and type (e.g., single-family home, semi-attached home, etc.), enabling
the creation of a “box” model of buildings, and an estimation of surface area for all buildings.
Residential Buildings
The model multiplies the residential building surface area by an estimated thermal conductance
(heat flow per unit surface area per degree day) and the number of degree days (heating and
cooling) to derive the energy transferred out of the building during winter months and into the
building during summer months. The energy transferred through the building envelope, the solar
gain through the building windows, and the heat gains from equipment inside the building
constitute the space conditioning load to be provided by the heat systems and the air
14
conditioning. The initial thermal conductance estimate is a regional average by dwelling type from
a North American energy system simulator, calibrated for the Midwest. This initial estimate is
adjusted through the calibration process as the modelled energy consumption from the market
profile in the 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) and City property assessment
data.
Non-Residential Buildings
The model calculates the space conditioning load as it does for residential buildings with two
distinctions: the thermal conductance parameter for non-residential buildings is based on floor
space area instead of surface area, and incorporates data from Ames.
Starting values for output energy intensities and equipment efficiencies for non-residential end
uses are taken from the 2012 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). All
parameter estimates are further adjusted during the calibration process. The calibration target for
non-residential building energy use is the observed commercial and industrial fuel consumption in
the base year.
Using assumptions for thermal envelope performance for each building type, the model calculates
total energy demand for all buildings, independent of any space heating or cooling technology and
fuel.
Population and Employment
Federal census population and employment data was spatially allocated to residential (population)
and non-residential (employment) buildings. This enables indicators to be derived from the model,
such as emissions per household, and drives the BAU energy and emissions projections for
buildings, transportation, waste.
Population for 2018 was spatially allocated to residential buildings using initial assumptions about
persons-per-unit (PPU) by dwelling type. These initial PPUs are then adjusted so that the total
population in the model (which is driven by the number of residential units by type multiplied by
PPU by type) matches the total population from census/regional data.
Employment for 2018 was spatially allocated to non-residential buildings using initial assumptions
for two main categories: population-related services and employment, allocated to corresponding
building floorspace (e.g., teachers to school floorspace);and floorspace-driven employment (e.g.,
retail employees per square foot). Like population,these initial ratios are adjusted within the
model so that the total employment derived by the model matches total employment from
census/regional data.
15
Transportation
The model includes a spatially explicit passenger transportation sub-model that responds to
changes in land-use, transit infrastructure, vehicle technology, travel behaviour change, and other
factors. Trips are divided into four types (home-work,home-school, home-other, and
non-home-based), each produced and attracted by a different combination of spatial drivers
(population, employment, classrooms, non-residential floorspace). Trip volumes are distributed as
pairs for each zone of origin and zone of destination.For each origin-destination pair, trips are
shared over walk/bike (for trips within the walkable distance threshold), public transit (for trips
whose origin and destination are serviced by transit),and automobile. Total personal vehicle miles
travelled (VMT) is produced when modeling mode shares and distances. The energy use and
emissions associated with personal vehicles is calculated by assigning VMT to model personal
vehicle ownership.
The passenger transportation model is anchored with origin-destination trip matrices by trip
mode and purpose, generated by the City’s transportation department. The results are
cross-checked against indicators such as average annual VMT per vehicle. For medium-heavy duty
commercial vehicle transportation, the ratio of local retail diesel fuel sales to State retail diesel fuel
sales was applied to estimate non-retail diesel use.
The modelled stock of personal vehicles by size, fuel type, efficiency, and vintage was informed by
regional vehicle registration statistics. The total number of personal-use and corporate vehicles is
proportional to the projected number of households in the BAU.
The GPC induced activity approach is used to account for emissions. Using this approach, all
internal trips (within boundary) as well as half of the trips that terminate or originate within the
municipal boundary are accounted for. This approach allows the municipality to understand its
transportation impacts on its peripheries and the region.
Transit VMT and fuel consumption was modelled based on data provided by Ames in the 2018
emissions inventory data.
Waste
Solid waste stream composition and routing data (landfill,composting, recycling) was sourced
from local data sources. The base carbon content in the landfill was estimated based on historical
waste production data. Total methane emissions were estimated for landfills using the first order
decay model, with the methane generation constant and methane correction factor set to default,
as recommended by, and based on values from, IPCC Guidelines for landfill emissions. Data on
methane removed via recovery was provided by the landfills.
16
Data and Assumptions
Scenario Development
The model supports the use of scenarios as a mechanism to evaluate potential futures for
communities. A scenario is an internally consistent view of what the future might turn out to
be—not a forecast, but one possible future outcome.Scenarios must represent serious
considerations defined by planning staff and community members. They are generated by
identifying population projections into the future,identifying how many additional households are
required, and then applying those additional households according to existing land-use plans
and/or alternative scenarios. A simplified transportation model evaluates the impact of the new
development on transportation behaviour, building types, agricultural and forest land, and other
variables.
Business-As-Usual Scenario
The Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario estimates energy use and emissions volumes from the base
year (2018) to the target year (2050). It assumes an absence of substantially different policy
measures from those currently in place.
Methodology
1.Calibrate model and develop 2018 base year using observed data and filling in gaps with
assumptions where necessary.
2.Input existing projected quantitative data to 2050 where available:
-Population, employment and housing projections by transport zone
-Build out (buildings) projections by transport zone
-Transportation modeling from the municipality
3.Where quantitative projections are not carried through to 2050, extrapolate the projected
trend to 2050.
4.Where specific quantitative projections are not available,develop projections through:
-Analyzing current on the ground action (reviewing action plans, engagement with
staff, etc.), and where possible, quantifying the action.
-Analyzing existing policy that has potential impact and, where possible, quantifying
the potential impact.
17
Low-Carbon Scenario
The model projects how energy flow and emissions profiles will change in the long-term by
modeling potential changes in the context (e.g., population,development patterns), projecting
energy services demand intensities, waste production and diversion rates, industrial processes,
and projecting the composition of energy system infrastructure.
Policies, Actions, and Strategies
Alternative behaviours of various energy system actors (e.g., households, various levels of
government, industry, etc.) can be mimicked in the model by changing the values of the model’s
user input variables. Varying their values creates "what if" type scenarios, enabling a flexible
mix-and-match approach to behavioral models which connect to the physical model. The model
can explore a wide variety of policies, actions and strategies via these variables. The resolution of
the model enables the user to apply scenarios to specific neighbourhoods, technologies, building
or vehicle types or eras, and configurations of the built environment.
Methodology
1.Develop a list of potential actions and strategies;
2.Identify the technological potential of each action or group of actions to reduce energy and
emissions by quantifying the actions:
a.If the action or strategy specifically incorporates a projection or target; or,
b.If there is a stated intention or goal, review best practices and literature to quantify
that goal; and
c.Identify any actions that are overlapping and/or include dependencies on other
actions.
3.Translate the actions into quantified assumptions over time;
4.Apply the assumptions to relevant sectors in the model to develop a low-carbon scenario
(i.e., apply the technological potential of the actions to the model);
5.Analyze results of the low-carbon scenario against the overall target;
6.If the target is not achieved, identify variables to scale up and provide a rationale for doing
so;
7.Iteratively adjust variables to identify a pathway to the target; and
8.Develop a marginal abatement cost curve for the low-carbon scenario.
18
Addressing Uncertainty
There is extensive discussion of the uncertainty in models and modeling results. The assumptions
underlying a model can be from other locations or large data sets and do not reflect local
conditions or behaviours, and even if they did accurately reflect local conditions, it is exceptionally
difficult to predict how those conditions and behaviours will respond to broader societal changes
and what those broader societal changes will be.
The WhatIf?/SSG modeling approach uses four strategies for managing uncertainty applicable to
community energy and emissions modeling:
1.Sensitivity analysis:One of the most basic ways of studying complex models is sensitivity
analysis, which helps quantify uncertainty in a model’s output. To perform this assessment,
each of the model’s input parameters is drawn from a statistical distribution in order to
capture the uncertainty in the parameter’s true value (Keirstead, Jennings, & Sivakumar,
2012).
Approach:Selected variables are modified by ±10-20%to illustrate the impact that an error of
that magnitude has on the overall total.
2.Calibration:One way to challenge untested assumptions is the use of ‘back-casting’ to
ensure the model can ‘forecast the past’ accurately.The model can then be calibrated to
generate historical outcomes, calibrating the model to better replicate observed data.
Approach:Variables are calibrated in the model using two independent sources of data. For
example, the model calibrates building energy use (derived from buildings data) against actual
electricity data from the electricity distributor.
3.Scenario analysis:Scenarios are used to demonstrate that a range of future outcomes are
possible given the current conditions and that no one scenario is more likely than another.
Approach:The model will develop a reference scenario.
4.Transparency:The provision of detailed sources for all assumptions is critical to enabling
policy-makers to understand the uncertainty intrinsic in a model.
Approach:Modeling assumptions and inputs are presented in this document.
19
Appendix 1: GPC Emissions Scope Table for Detailed Model
Green rows = Sources required for GPC BASIC inventory
Blue rows = Sources required GPC BASIC+ inventory
Red rows = Sources required for territorial total but not for BASIC/BASIC+ reporting
Exclusion Rationale Legend
N/A Not Applicable, or not included in scope
ID Insufficient Data
NR No Relevance, or limited activities identified
Other Reason provided in other comments
GPC ref
No.Scope GHG Emissions Source Inclusion Exclusion
rationale
I STATIONARY ENERGY SOURCES
I.1 Residential buildings
I.1.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary Yes
I.1.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary Yes
I.1.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
Yes
I.2 Commercial and institutional buildings/facilities
I.2.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary Yes
I.2.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary Yes
I.2.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
Yes
I.3 Manufacturing industry and construction
I.3.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary Yes
I.3.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary Yes
I.3.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
Yes
I.4 Energy industries
I.4.1 1 Emissions from energy used in power plant auxiliary operations within the
city boundary
Yes
I.4.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed in power plant auxiliary
operations within the city boundary
Yes
I.4.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption in power plant auxiliary operations
Yes
20
I.4.4 1 Emissions from energy generation supplied to the grid No NR
I.5 Agriculture, forestry and fishing activities
I.5.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary Yes
I.5.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary Yes
I.5.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
Yes
I.6 Non-specified sources
I.6.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary No NR
I.6.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary No NR
I.6.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
No NR
I.7 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage,and transportation of coal
I.7.1 1 Emissions from fugitive emissions within the city boundary No NR
I.8 Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems
I.8.1 1 Emissions from fugitive emissions within the city boundary Yes
II TRANSPORTATION
II.1 On-road transportation
II.1.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for on-road transportation occurring within
the city boundary
Yes
II.1.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for
on-road transportation
Yes
II.1.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city
boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
Yes
II.2 Railways
II.2.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for railway transportation occurring within
the city boundary
No N/A
II.2.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for
railways
No N/A
II.2.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city
boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
No N/A
II.3 Water-borne navigation
II.3.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for waterborne navigation occurring within
the city boundary
No NR
II.3.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for
waterborne navigation
No NR
21
II.3.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city
boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
No NR
II.4 Aviation
II.4.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for aviation occurring within the city
boundary
Yes
II.4.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for
aviation
Yes
II.4.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city
boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied
energy consumption
No ID
II.5 Off-road
II.5.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for off-road transportation occurring within
the city boundary
Yes
II.5.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for
off-road transportation
No ID
III WASTE
III.1 Solid waste disposal
III.1.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary and disposed
in landfills or open dumps within the city boundary
No NR
III.1.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but disposed
in landfills or open dumps outside the city boundary
Yes
III.1.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary and disposed in
landfills or open dumps within the city boundary
No N/A
III.2 Biological treatment of waste
III.2.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary that is
treated biologically within the city boundary
Yes
III.2.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but treated
biologically outside of the city boundary
No ID
III.2.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but treated
biologically within the city boundary
No N/A
III.3 Incineration and open burning
III.3.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated and treated within the city boundary Yes
III.3.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but treated
outside of the city boundary
No N/A
III.3.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but treated
within the city boundary
No N/A
III.4 Wastewater treatment and discharge
III.4.1 1 Emissions from wastewater generated and treated within the city boundary Yes
22
III.4.2 3 Emissions from wastewater generated within the city boundary but treated
outside of the city boundary
No NR
III.4.3 1 Emissions from wastewater generated outside the city boundary No N/A
IV INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU)
IV.1 1 Emissions from industrial processes occurring within the city boundary No ID
IV.2 1 Emissions from product use occurring within the city boundary No ID
V AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND LAND USE (AFOLU)
V.1 1 Emissions from livestock within the city boundary Yes
V.2 1 Emissions from land within the city boundary No NR
V.3 1 Emissions from aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission sources on land
within the city boundary
No ID
VI OTHER SCOPE 3
VI.1 3 Other Scope 3 Yes
TOTAL
23
Appendix 2: Building Types in the model
Residential Building Types Non-residential Building Types
Single_detached_1Storey_tiny
Single_detached_2Storey_tiny
Single_detached_3Storey_tiny
Single_detached_1Storey_small
Single_detached_2Storey_small
Single_detached_3Storey_small
Single_detached_1Storey_medium
Single_detached_2Storey_medium
Single_detached_3Storey_medium
Single_detached_1Storey_large
Single_detached_2Storey_large
Single_detached_3Storey_large
Double_detached_1Storey_small
Double_detached_2Storey_small
Double_detached_3Storey_small
Double_detached_1Storey_large
Double_detached_2Storey_large
Double_detached_3Storey_large
Row_house_1Storey_small
Row_house_2Storey_small
Row_house_3Storey_small
Row_house_1Storey_large
Row_house_2Storey_large
Row_house_3Storey_large
Apartment_1To4Storey_small
Apartment_1To4Storey_large
Apartment_5To14Storey_small
Apartment_5To14Storey_large
Apartment_15To24Storey_small
Apartment_15To24Storey_large
Apartment_25AndUpStorey_small
Apartment_25AndUpStorey_large
inMultiUseBldg
college_university
school
retirement_or_nursing_home
special_care_home
hospital
municipal_building
fire_station
penal_institution
police_station
military_base_or_camp
transit_terminal_or_station
airport
parking
hotel_motel_inn
greenhouse
greenspace
recreation
community_centre
golf_course
museums_art_gallery
retail
vehicle_and_heavy_equiptment_service
warehouse_retail
restaurant
commercial_retail
commercial
commercial_residential
retail_residential
warehouse_commercial
warehouse
religious_institution
surface_infrastructure
energy_utility
water_pumping_or_treatment_station
industrial_generic
food_processing_plants
textile_manufacturing_plants
furniture_manufacturing_plants
refineries_all_types
chemical_manufacturing_plants
printing_and_publishing_plants
fabricated_metal_product_plants
manufacturing_plants_miscellaneous
_processing_plants
asphalt_manufacturing_plants
concrete_manufacturing_plants
industrial_farm
barn
24
Appendix 3: Emissions Factors Used
Category Value Comment
Natural gas CO2: 53.02 kg/MMBtu
CH4: 0.005 kg/MMBtu
N2O: 0.0001kg/MMBtu
ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability USA. "US
community protocol for accounting and reporting of
greenhouse gas emissions." (2012).
Electricity 2018
CO2e: 1,098 lbs CO2e per MWh
MROW average emissions factor per US EPA eGRID
(www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer)
Gasoline CO2: 0.07024 MT/MMBtu
CH4: 0.000000017343 MT/mile
N2O: 0.000000009825 MT/mile
ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability USA. "US
community protocol for accounting and reporting of
greenhouse gas emissions." (2012).
Diesel CO2: 0.073934483 MT/MMBtu
CH4: 0.000000001 MT/vehicle mile
N2O: 0.0000000015 MT/vehicle mile
ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability USA. "US
community protocol for accounting and reporting of
greenhouse gas emissions." (2012).
Fuel oil CO2: 73.9 kg per mmBtu
CH4: 0.003 kg per mmBtu
N2O: 0.0006 kg per mmBtu
Environmental Protection Agency. "Emission factors for
greenhouse gas inventories."Stationary Combustion Emission
Factors," US Environmental Protection Agency2014,Available:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/e
mission-factors_2014.pdf (2014).
Table 1 Stationary Combustion Emission Factor, Fuel Oil No. 2
Wood CO2: 93.80 kg per mmBtu
CH4: 0.0072 kg per mmBtu
N2O: 0.0036 kg per mmBtu
Environmental Protection Agency. "Emission factors for
greenhouse gas inventories."Stationary Combustion Emission
Factors," US Environmental Protection Agency2014,Available:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/e
mission-factors_2014.pdf (2014).
Table 1 Stationary Combustion Emission Factor, Biomass fuels:
Wood and Wood Residuals
Propane CO2: 62.87 kg per mmBtu
CH4 : 0.003 kg per mmBtu
N2O: 0.0006 kg per mmBtu
For mobile combustion:
CO2: 5.7 kg per gallon
Environmental Protection Agency. "Emission factors for
greenhouse gas inventories."Stationary Combustion Emission
Factors," US Environmental Protection Agency2014,Available:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/e
mission-factors_2014.pdf (2014).
Table 1 Stationary Combustion Emission Factor, Petroleum
Products: Propane
Table 2 Mobile Combustion CO2 Emission Factors: Propane
Waste Landfill emissions are calculated from
first order decay of degradable
organic carbon deposited in landfill.
Derived emission factor in 2018 to be
determined based on % recovery of
Landfill emissions: IPCC Guidelines Vol 5. Ch 3, Equation 3.1
25
landfill methane and waste
composition.
Wastewater CH4: 0.48 kg CH4/kg BOD
N2O: 3.2 g / (person * year) from
advanced treatment
0.005 g /g N from wastewater
discharge
CH4 wastewater: IPCC Guidelines Vol 5. Ch 6, Tables 6.2 and
6.3; MCF value for anaerobic digester
N2O from advanced treatment: IPCC Guidelines Vol 5.Ch 6,
Box 6.1
N2O from wastewater discharge: IPCC Guidelines Vol 5. Ch 6,
Section 6.3.1.2
Greenhouse
gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20) are
included.
Global Warming Potential
CO2 = 1
CH4 = 34
N2O = 298
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs),sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)are not
included.
26