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HomeMy WebLinkAboutA026 - Iowa City ordinance TO Dave Holger, Presi ent - U(S/C Committee DATE R-T-A2 CITY OF AMES, IOWA FROM City Clerk's Office OFFICE MEMO SUBJECT Noise Ordinance MESSAGE Mary Atherly read that Iowa City had recently passed a new noise ordinance and asked this office to obtain a copy for your use in reviewing the Ames noise ordinance. Attached you will find a photocopy of the Iowa City noise ordinance. cc: John Klaus Mary Atherly Steve Schainker AS CORRECTED - FOR DISTRIBUTION ONLY ORDINANCE NO. 82-3076 AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND THE CODE OF IOWA CITY BY ESTABLISHING CHAPTER 24.4, NOISE. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF IOWA CITY, IOWA: The Code of Iowa City be and is hereby amended by adding thereto a new chapter to be known as Chapter 24.4, entitled, "Noise," as follows: CHAPTER 24.4, NOISE SEC. 24.4-1. POLICY, PURPOSE, TITLE AND SCOPE (a) Statement of Public Policy. The city council finds and declares that: (1) Excessive noise is a serious hazard to the public health and welfare and the quality of life in urban society. (2) A substantial body of science and technology exists which provides for substantially reducing excessive noise without serious inconvenience to the public. (3) Certain of the noise-producing equipment in the city is essential to the quality of life therein and should be allowed to continue at reasonable levels with moderate regulation. ( ) Each person has a right to an environment reasonably free from disturbing noise or that which jeopardizes health or welfare or unnecessarily degrades the quality of life. (5) It is the legislative declaration of the city to promote an environ- ment free from certain excessive noise, otherwise properly called "noise pollution" , which jeopardizes the health and welfare and degrades the quality of the lives of the residents of the city, without unduly prohibiting, limiting or otherwise regulating the function of certain noise producing equipment which is not amenable to such controls and yet is essential to the economy and quality of life. (b) Purpose, Title and Scope. (1) The purpose of this chapter is to establish standards for the control of noise pollution in the city by setting maximum permissible sound levels for various activities and to protect the public health, safety and general welfare. (2) This chapter may be cited as the "Noise Control Ordinance" of the City of Iowa City. (3) This chapter shall apply to the control of noise producing activities and objects originating within the limits of the City of Iowa City or originating from properties lying outside the limits of the City of Iowa City owned or controlled by the City of Iowa City with a lease or other similar arrangement, except where either 1) a state or federal agency has adopted a different standard or rule than that prescribed Ordinance No. 82-3076 Page 2 within this chapter and has so preempted the regulation of noise from a particular source as to render this chapter inapplicable thereto, or 2) the city council has determined that, by reason of public acceptance of the activity producing a particular noise, such noise is deemed acceptable to the residents of this city. Sec. 24.4-2. DEFINITIONS. Unless otherwise expressly stated or the context clearly indicates a different intention, the following terms shall have the meanings shown. Definitions of technical terms used in this subchapter which are not herein defined shall be obtained from publications of acoustical terminology issued by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) or its successor body. "Ambient sound level". The noise associated with a given environment, exclusive of a particular noise being tested, being usually a composite of sounds from many sources near and far, exclusive of intruding noises from isolated identifiable sources. "A-weighted sound level". The sound pressure level in decibels as measured on a sound level meter using the A-weighting network. The level is designated dB(A) or dBA. "Barking Dof or Bird or Other Animal . A dog, bird or other animal that barks, bays, cries, howls or emits any other noise continuously and/or incessantly for a period of ten (10) minutes or barks intermittently for one-half (' ) hour or more and the sound therefrom is plainly audible across a residential real property boundary or within a noise sensitive area. "Decibel (dB)". A logarithmic and dimensionless unit of measure used in describing the amplitude of sound, equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the pressure of the sound measured to the reference pressure, which is 20 miscropascals (20 micronewtons per square meter). "Motorboat". Any vessel which is designed to operate on water and which is propelled by a motor, including, but not limited to, boats, barges, amphibious craft, water ski towing devices and hover craft. "Motor vehicle". Any motor-operated vehicle licensed for use on the public highway. "Noise". Any sound which disturbs humans or which causes or tends to cause an adverse psychological or physiological effect on humans. "Noise control officer". Any city employee(s) or city law enforcement officer s , designated by the City Manager as having responsibility for the enforcement of this chapter. "Noise disturbance". Any sound of such character, intensity and duration which endangers or injures the welfare, safety or health of a human being, or annoys or disturbs a reasonable person of normal sensitivities, or endangers or injures personal or real property. Ordinance No. 82-30� Page 3 "Noise sensitive activities". Activities which are conducted under conditions of exceptional quiet including, but not limited to, operation of schools, libraries open to the public, churches, hospitals and nursing homes. "Noise sensitive area". Any areas designated in this sub-chapter for the purpose of ensuring exceptional quiet and clearly posted with "Noise Sensitive Area" signs. "Person". The word shall have the meaning prescribed by section 1-2 of the Code of Iowa City and shall in addition include any officer, employee, department, agency or instrumentality of the state or any political subdivision of the state. "Plainly Audible Noise". Any noise for which the information content of the noise is transferred to the listener, such as but not limited to understanding of spoken speech, comprehension of whether a voice is raised or lowered, or comprehension of musical rhythms. "Powered model vehicle". Any self-propelled airborne, waterborne, or landborne model plane, vessel , or vehicle, which is not designed to carry persons, including, but not limited to, any model airplane, boat, car or rocket. "Public right-of-way". Any street, avenue, boulevard, highway, sidewalk, or alley or similar place which is owned or controlled by a governmental entity. This definition shall also include an area between the traveled portion and the sidewalk or private property line if no sidewalk exists. "Public space". Any real property, including any structure thereon, which is awned or controlled by a governmental entity. "Real property boundary". An imaginary line along the ground surface, and its vertical extension, which separates the real property owned by one person from that owned by another person, but not including intra-building real property divisions. "Recreational vehicle". Any race car, motorcycle, snowmobile, or any other motorized vehicle equipped for use in racing or other recreational events or uses off of public right-of-way on public or private property. For purposes of this chapter, a motor vehicle or motorized vehicle which is taking part in an organized racing, endurance, or other coordinated sporting event shall be deemed a recreational vehicle. Sec. 24.4-3. EXCEPTIONS. The provisions herein shall not apply to: (1) The emission of sound for the purpose of alerting persons to the time of day, the existence of an emergency or the approved testing thereof. (2) The emission of sound in the performance of emergency work, including snow removal and maintenance of trees. (3) Non-commercial public speaking and public assembly activities conducted on any private property, public space, or public right-of-way. Ordinance No. 82-3076 • Page 4 (4) The unamplified human voice, except those activities specifically controlled by the provisions of this Chapter. (5) Agricultural activities, exclusive of those involving the ownership or Possession of animals or birds. (6) Snowmobiles regulated by chapter 321G, Code of Iowa. (7) Rail and air transportation and public mass transportation vehicles. (8) Emergency vehicles such as fire trucks and ambulances. (9) Non-professional athletic events. (10) Essential services such as electrical substations and safety devices. (11) Construction and maintenance activities between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. Maintenance activities shall be non-routine operations, temporary in nature, and conducted infrequently. (12) Cement sawing of freshly-poured concrete street, alley, sidewalk, or road surface. Provided, however, that any person intending to engage in such activity between 10:00 P.M. and 7:00 A.M. shall first notify the Iowa City Police Department by telephone or in person that such activity will be uAdertaken and the time and location of same. �13) Unamplified live music, provided, sponsored or funded, in whole or in part, by a governmental entity. Sec. 24.4-4. SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES PROHIBITED. The following acts, among others, are deemed to be loud, disturbing, unusual , unreasonable and unnecessary noises in violation of this chapter, but any enumeration herein shall not be deemed to be exclusive: (a) Sales by "hawkinq or barking' No person shall offer for sale or sell anything by shouting or outcry within any residential area in the city, except in conjunction with an event which is exempt from the provisions of this chapter or for which a permit has been issued by the City. (b) Loading and 'Unloading. No person shall so load, unload, open, close or handle boxes, crates, containers, building materials, garbage cans, or similar objects outdoors between the hours of 10 P.M. and 6 A.M. the following morning as to create a noise disturbance across a residential real property boundary or within a noise sensitive area. (c) Vehicle or Motorboat Repairs and Testinq. No person shall repair, rebuild, modify, or test any motor vehicle, motorcycle, or motorboat either within a residential zone in such a manner to cause a noise disturbance or in any other zone in such a manner as to cause a noise disturbance across a residential real property boundary or outdoors within a noise sensitive area. Ordinance No. 82-30-* • Page 5 (d) Powered Model Vehicles. No person shall operate or permit the operation of powered model vehicles in a residential zone, in a public space or within a noise sensitive area between the hours of 10:00 P.M. and 7:00 A.M. the following morning. (e) Sound Trucks and Other Devices. No person shall operate or permit the operation upon the public streets of a sound truck, or other device for producing, reproducing or amplifying sounds without a permit. Sec. 24.4-5. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SIMILAR DEVICES. No person shall operate, play or permit the operation or playing of any drum, musical instrument or similar instrument in such a manner to cause a noise disturbance or outdoors within a noise sensitive area. Sec. 24.4-6. REGULATION OF SOUND EQUIPMENT AND SOUND AMPLIFYING EQUIPMENT. (a) Except for activities open to the public and for which a permit has been issued by the city, no person shall so operate, play or permit the operation or playing of any radio, television, phonograph, record player, tape deck or player, loud speaker, amplifier, or other device for producing, reproducing or amplifying sounds in any building or upon any premises, public or private or any other sound producing equipment or apparatus: W In such manner as to cause a noise disturbance or outdoors within a noise sensitive zone. (2) In such manner as to cause a noise disturbance or outdoors within a noise sensitive zone, when operated in or on a motor vehicle on a public right-of-way or public space, or in a boat on public waters. (b) Sound equipment--permit required. No person shall use, operate or cause to be used or operated any radio, record player, tape deck or player, loud speaker, amplifier, sound truck or other device for producing, reproducing, or amplifying sounds, hereinafter referred to as "sound equipment" , upon the public streets or in any building or upon any premises, public or private, if the sound therefrom be plainly audible across a residential real property boundary from any public street or public place within the city, unless said person: (1) First obtains a permit in accordance with this section; (2) Complies with the conditions imposed by the permit, including the maximum permitted sound level shown therein; and (3) Complies with all other applicable provisions of this section. Sound equipment shall not include: (1) Equipment used for public health and safety purposes; Ordinance No. 82-307 6 Page 6- (2) Church or clock carillons, bells or chimes; (3) Parades, processions or other public events for which a parade or other permit has been issued, provided the conditions of the permit are complied with; (4) Automobile radios, tape decks or players, or other standard automobile equipment used and intended for the use and enjoyment of the occupants, provided the sound emitting therefrom is not plainly audible for more than 50 feet from the vehicle; (5) Recorded music used in a non-residential zone in conjunction with a civil or religious celebration; (6) Unamplified live music provided, sponsored, or funded, in whole or in part, by a governmental entity. (7) Mobile radio or telephone signaling devices. (8) Car or truck horns or similar devices when used to denote danger or a warning or possible danger. (c) Fees. A separate permit shall be required for each type of activity described below. Permits shall be nontransferable. The permit shall be conspicuously displayed on or immediately adjacent to the sound eqiupment. Fees for sound equipment permits shall be established by resolution of the City Council . (1 ) No fee shall be required for any sound equipment permit issued to the City of Iowa City, State of Iowa, or the Federal government or any other governmental subdivision or agency. (d) Information required. Application for permits required herein shall be made in writing to the City Clerk, accompanied by the required permit fee and such information as the City Clerk may require. If the application contains the required information, is accompanied by the required fee, and the proposed use complies with the requirements of this subsection, the City Clerk shall issue the appropriate permit. (e) Application standards. (1) Type A permit--general standards. A type A permit may be issued for sound equipment emitting music or human speech registering not more than 60 dB(A)' s when measured at the real property boundary of the private residence nearest the sound equipment and measuring not more than 100 dB(A)' s at a distance of 50 feet from the sound equipment. Sound equipment permitted under a type A permit may be used only in areas of the city zoned for non-residential use and only between the hours of 9:00 A.M. and 9.00 P.M. (2) Type B permit--sound trucks--general standards. Sound trucks may be operated only under a type q permit. A type B permit may be issued for sound equipment mounted upon a motor vehicle and intended for use upon Ordinance No. 82-307 Page 7 city streets provided that the sound equipment emits only music or human speech registering not more than 80 dB(A)' s when measured at a distance of 100 feet from the sound equipment. Sound equipment permitted under a type B permit may be used only in non-residential areas and only from 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. (3) Type C permit--parks--general standards. A type C permit may be used for sound equipment emitting music or human speech registering not more than 60 dB(A)'s when measured at the real property boundary of the private residence nearest the sound equipment and registering not more than 100 dB(A)' s when measured at a distance of 50 feet from the sound equipment. Sound equipment permitted under a type C permit may be used only in public parks owned and operated by the city, or public grounds owned and operated by another government body, from 10:00 A.M. to 11:00 P.M. for events authorized and approved by the city or other body having jurisdiction over the park or public grounds. (4) Type D permit--public oe parochial school ground-general standards. A type D permit may be issued for sound equipment emitting music or human speech registering not more than 60 dB(A)' s when measured at the real property boundary of the residence nearest the sound equipment and registering not more than 100 dB(A)' s when measured at a distance Of 50 feet from the sound equipment. Sound equipment permitted under a type D permit may be used only on school grounds, or in conjunction with a school sponsored activity, from 10:00 A.M. to 11:00 P.M. for events authorized and approved by the school authorities having ° jurisdiction of the grounds. (f) Commercial advertising--sound equipment prohibited. No sound equipment snali be permitted to be used on public streets or public places, in any building, or upon any premises if the sound will be plainly audible from any public street or public place within the city, when any such use is for commercial advertising purposes, or for the purpose of attracting the attention of the public to any building or structure for monetary gain. Sec. 24. 4-7. MOTORIZED VEHICLES. (a) No person shall operate or cause to be operated the engine providing motive power, or an auxiliary engine, of a motor vehicle of a weight in excess of 10,000 pounds for a consecutive period longer than 20 minutes while such vehicle is standing on private property and located within 150 feet of property zoned and used for residential purposes, except when such vehicle is standing within a completely enclosed building. This section shall not apply to delivery or pickup vehicles that require the operation of the engine to unload or load their vending loads. (b) No person shall drive or move or cause or knowingly permit to be driven or moved a motor vehicle or combination of vehicles at any time in such a manner as to exceed the following noise limits at any time in such a manner as to exceed the following noise limits for the category of motor vehicle shown below. Noise shall be measured at a distance of at least 25 feet (7.5 meters) from the near side of the nearest lane(s) being monitored and at a height of at least 4 feet (1.2 meters) above the immediate surface. Table 1 provides corrections to observed noise levels at distances of less than 50 feet. Ordinance No. 82-30� Page 8. Sound Pressure Level , d6(A) Speed limit Speed limit 40 MPH or less over 40 MPH Motor vehicles with a manufacturers gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or gross combination weight rating 90 94 (GCWR) of 10,000 pounds or more, or any combination of vehicles towed by such motor vehicle. Any other motor vehicle or any combination of vehicles towed by 80 84 any motor vehicle. Any motorcycle. 82 86 This section applies to the total noise from a vehicle or combination of vehicles and shall not be construed as limiting or precluding the enforcement of any other provisions of this code relating to motor vehicle mufflers for noise control. (c) The measurement of sound or noise shall be made with a sound level meter meeting the standards prescribed by the American Standards Association. The instrument shall be maintained in calibration and good working order. Octave band corrections may be employed in meeting the response specification. A calibration check shall be made of the system at the time of any noise measurement. Measurements recorded shall be taken so as to provide a proper representation of the noise source. The microphone during measurement shall be positioned as not to create any unnatural enhancement or diminution of the measured noise. A windscreen for the microphone shall be used when required. Traffic, aircraft and other transportation noise sources and other background noises shall not be considered in taking measurements except where such background noise interferes with the primary noise being made. (d) No person shall modify the exhaust system of a motor vehicle or motorcycle by installation of a muffler cut-out, by-pass or other similar device and no person shall operate a motor vehicle or motorcycle which has been so modified. A motor vehicle so operated shall be deemed equipped with a muffler which emits excessive and unusual noise and which is not in good working order. (e) 1) No person shall operate a recreational vehicle or permit the operation of one or more recreational vehicles, individually or in a group or in an organized racing event, on public or private property in such a manner that the sound level resulting from such operation exceeds 73 dBA for a total of three minutes in any continuous one hour period or exceeds 90 dBA for any period of time during such operation. Sound levels which exceed the limits herein described at the real property boundary of the receiving land use shall be deemed a noise disturbance. Ordinance No. 82-30 Page 9 • 2) No person shall conduct or permit the conduct of an y of an organized racing event which involves a contest bet eena or among recreational vehicles on public or private property between the hours Of 9:00 P.M. and 9:00 A.M. the following morning. Sec. 24.4-8. ANIMALS. (a) No person shall own, possess or harbor any barking or noisy dog, bird or other animal regardless of whether the dog, bird or other animal is physically situated in or upon private property. However, t he other animal shall not be deemed a barking dog or noisy animald�f,, bird at thor e time the dog, bird or other animal is barking or making any other noise, a person is trespassing or threatening to trespass upon private property in or upon which the dog, bird or other animal is situated or taking any other action which would tease or provoke the dog, bird or other animal to bark or otherwise be noisy. Sec. 24.4-9. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. (a) No person shall permit noise from any commercial or industrial use, s defined in the zoning ordinance, to exceed the sound levels specified in table 2, except that the decibel levels specified shall be reduced by 5 decibels at the boundary line of a zone designated as residential in the zoning ordinance between the hours of 7:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. ; and at the boundary line of a school located in a noise sensitive area between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. when the school is in session. f For the purpose of measuring the intensity and frequency of sound, the sound level meter, the octave band analyzer and the impact noise analyzer shall be employed. The flat network and the fast meter response of the sound level meter shall be used. Sounds of very short duration, as from forge hammers, punch presses, and metal shears which cannot be measured accurately with the sound level meter, shall be measured with the impact noise analyzer. Octave band analyzers calibrated in the Preferred Frequencies (United State of America Standard S1 6-1967, Preferred Frequencies for Acoustical Measurements) shall be used in the table headed "Octave Band, Preferred Frequencies." Octave band analyzers calibrated with the pre-1960 octave bands (United States of America Standards Z24 10-1953, Octave Band Filler Set) shall be used with the tables headed "Octave Band, Pre-1960. " Sec. 24.4-10. POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE NOISE CONTROL OFFICER. (a) The noise control program established by this chapter shall be implemented, administered, and enforced by the noise control officer who shall be that person or persons, designated by the City Manager. (b) To implement and enforce this chapter the noise control officer shall have the additional power to: Ordinance No. 82-3076 i Page 10 (1) Conduct research, monitoring, and other studies related to sound. (2) Conduct programs of public education regarding the causes, and effects of sound or noise and general methods of abatement and control of noise, as well as the actions prohibited by this chapter and the procedures for reporting violations. (3) Coordinate the noise control activities of all municipal departments. (4) Review public and private projects, including those subject to mandatory review or approval by other departments, for compliance with this chapter, if these projects are likely to cause sound in violation of this chapter. (5) Upon presentation of proper credentials, enter and inspect any private property or place, and inspect any report or records at any reasonable time when granted permission by the owner, by some other person with apparent authority to act for the owner, or a tenant of the premises. If consent to inspect is withheld by any person or persons having the lawful right to exclude, the officer may apply to a magistrate of the Iowa District Court in and for Johnson County for a search warrant of the building. No owner or occupant or any other person having charge, care or control of any structure or premises shall fail or neglect, after presentation of a search warrant, to properly permit entry therein by the officer for the purpose of inspection and examination pursuant to the provisions herein. (6) Issue sound variances pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. (7) Prepare recommendations for consideration by the city council , after publication of notice and public hearing, for establishing the boundaries of noise sensitive areas. (8) Designate any area for the purpose or ensuring exceptional quiet and to be clearly posted with "Noise Sensitive Area" signs because of the noise sensitive activities conducted therein. These areas may include, but are not limited to schools, libraries, churches, hospitals and nursing homes. (9) Authorize the capture and impoundment of any dog, bird or other when the noise made by the animal cannot be reasonably controlled by the owner or other person on whose property the animal is located. (10) Require certification by a registered engineer or other qualified person that the performance standards for a proposed use can be met. Sec. 24.4-11. DEPARTMENTAL ACTIONS. All departments and agencies of the city shall carry out their programs so as to further the policy of this chapter. Ordinance No. 82-30� Page 11 Sec. 24.4-12. SOUND VARIANCES. (a) The noise control officer shall have the authority consistent with this section, to grant sound variances from the requirements of this chapter. (b) Any person seeking a sound variance under this section shall file an application with the City Clerk. The application shall contain information which demonstrates that bringing the source of sound or activity for which the sound variance is sought into compliance with this subchapter would constitute an unreasonable hardship on the applicant, on the community, or on other persons. The application shall be accompanied by a fee in the amount established by the City Council by resolution. The fee shall not be refundable. (c) In determining whether to grant, deny, or revoke the application the noise control officer shall balance the hardship to the applicant, the community, and other persons of not allowing the sound variance against the adverse impact on the health, safety and welfare of persons affected, the adverse impact on property affected, and any other adverse impacts of allowing the sound variance. Applicants for sound variances and persons contesting sound variances may be required to submit any information as may reasonably be required. Applicants are required to give notice by certified mail to: (1) the occupants of surrounding single or two family residences located in an area that includes the next two homes in any direction, or those within 100 feet of the noise source, whichever is less; or (2) the owner or manager of multiple family residences, including hotels, within such area. In granting or denying an application or in revoking a sound variance previously granted, the noise control officer shall place on public file a copy of the decision and the reasons for granting, denying or revoking the sound variance. (d) Sound variances shall be granted by notice to the applicant containing all necessary conditions, including a time limit on the permitted activity. The sound variance shall not become effective until all conditions are agreed to in writing by the applicant and placed on file with the Noise Control Officer. Noncompliance with any condition of the sound variance shall terminate it and subject the person holding it to those provisions of this subchapter regulating the source of sound or activity for which the sound variance was granted. Termination for non-compliance shall be made in accordance with Section 2-188, Emergency Orders, of this Code. Sec. 24.4-13. EFFECTIVE DATE. This ordinance shall be in effect upon its passage, approval and publication in accordance with law. Sec. 24-4. 14. SEVERABILITY OF PROVISIONS. Each section, and any and all provisions of this ordinance, is independent of every other section and any and all provisions, and the invalidity of any thereof, shall not invalidate any other section or provision. Ordinance No. 82-30710 Page 12 • Sec. 24-4.15. REPEALER. All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance hereby are repealed, with the exception of Sections 5-35(7), 9 1-7(d), 23-137, and 24-48 of this Code. Sec. 24.4-16. PENALTY. (a) Any violation of the provisions of this ordinance shall be a misdemeanor subject to the penalties of Section 1-9 of this Code. (b) Each instance of violation of any of the provisions of this Ordinance shall constitute a separate offense. Sec. 24.4-17. ADDITIONAL REMEDIES. Any violation of the provisions of this ordinance is deemed and declared to be a nuisance, and as such may be subject to summary abatement by means of a restraining order or injunction issued by the District Court. Passed and approved this 3rd day of August, 1982. % MAYOR ATTEST: 44CT� � � TABLE 1 (Corrections to observed noise levels for distances less than 50 feet) DISTANCE MEASUREMENT IN FEET CORRECTION TO LEVELS dB(A More an up to 45 ft. 50 ft. ®0- 41 ft. 45 ft. +1 37 ft. 41 ft. +2 33 ft. 37 ft. +3 30 ft. 33 ft. +4 27 ft. 30 ft. +5 25 ft. 27 ft. +6 s •L R1 O L � U C hl O O N4 41 N4 Ce c 00 � ^ koLoLn m lD N U O O LrJ O a i O g aJ O L 1J 7 C to ro ro d lu i L CIO m C C i Q O C m _O �-- > w +� O J C LCt t ^ 4 Ln La7 t71 c1 N N L V tCL{) t1) � MMM CD p Ln c V O CZ O to aJ O O � N J E a � tL p ro O 03 �^ (D 'n � O kD O i M O ro ,n .N N ro CIy u O Z C] N U ".+ L L ro d L 3 �s ro m0 _o 0 w +> U tor-4LofNOLnQ1 C V.Mv7 ^ cCLoLoC MAL � N i i v O C Y ro 4! GJ a Ln ^ (31 O � Z i V � ro O E r-r i a N C LL U Q m V, O > L w Ln CJ y..� y... V Lr') OOOOO �a0 LU MCD � Ln NLOC:) CD O r-i c\I � 00 C1